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Sexually transmitted infections

Lymphogranuloma Venereum Clinical features

Clinical features

The clinical course of LGV is divided into three stages. The primary stage involves the site of inoculation; the secondary stage the regional lymph nodes and sometimes the anorectum; and the tertiary or late stage affects the genitals and/or rectum.

The incubation period is 3 to 30 days. A small, painless papule appears at the site of inoculation and may ulcerate. The papule may not occur or just pass unnoticed. The lesion is seen on the prepuce or glans, and the vulva, vaginal wall or cervix. The primary lesion resolves without treatment.

The secondary stage occurs weeks later. It involves the inguinal lymph nodes, or the anus and rectum. The inguinal form is more common in men, because the lymphatic drainage of the vagina and cervix is to the retroperitoneal rather than the inguinal lymph nodes. Proctitis due to LGV is more common in women and in men who practice receptive anal intercourse, and is thought to be due to direct inoculation.

The inguinal form presents with firm, unilateral, painful inguinal and/or femoral lymphadenopathy. Adenopathy above and below the inguinal ligament forms the pathognomonic "groove sign," and is present in 10 to 20% of cases. Areas of necrosis in lymphnodes may enlarge to form abscesses, which may coalesce and break down to form discharging sinuses in about one third of patients.

In the tertiary stage chronic inflammatory lesions may lead to scarring in both the eye and genital tract. Untreated LGV can lead to fibrosis and cause lymphatic obstruction, causing elephantiasis of the genitalia. Rectal involvement can lead to the formation of strictures and fistulae. These conditions are more common in women, and can give rise to the syndrome of esthiomene a Greek word meaning "eating away." There is widespread destruction of the external genitalia.