• Alopecia
• Acniform eruptions
• Benign tumors
• Bullous diseases
• Dermoscopy
• Nevi, melanoma
• Nonmelanoma cancer
• Psoriasis and others
• Stds
• Vascular tumors
• Vulvar disease

• Herpes simplex
• Genital Herpes Simplex Introduction STD
• Genital Herpes Simplex Risk factors and Rate of Transmission
• Previous HSV type 1 infection
• Genital Herpes Simplex Primary and Recurrent Infections
• Genital Herpes Simplex Signs and Symptoms
• Genital Herpes Simplex Latency and Reactivation STD
• Genital Herpes Simplex Recurrent Infection STD
• Genital Herpes Simplex Frequency of Recurrence
• Genital Herpes Simplex Anatomic Site
• Genital Herpes Simplex Asymptomatic transmission
• Genital Herpes Simplex Prevention
• Genital Herpes Simplex Laboratory diagnosis
• Genital Herpes Simplex Serology
• Genital Herpes Simplex Testing Pregnant Women
• Genital Herpes Simplex Monogamous Couples
• Genital Herpes Simplex STD Treatment
• Genital Herpes Simplex Daily Treatment Suppressive Therapy
• Genital Herpes Simplex During Pregnancy
• Warts (HPV infection)
• Genital Warts HPV Introduction and Causes STD
• Genital Warts HPV Screening Tests
• Genital Warts HPV Interpretation of Test Results
• Genital Warts HPV The HPV DNA Test
• Genital Warts HPV Lesion and Location
• Genital Warts HPV Lesion Types STD
• Genital Warts HPV Subclinical Lesions
• Genital Warts HPV Bowenoid Papulosis STD
• Genital Warts HPV Clinical Evaluation STD
• Genital Warts HPV Differential diagnosis
• Genital Warts HPV Treatment STD
• Genital Warts HPV Treatment Approach to Therapy
• Molluscum Contagiosum
• Molluscum Contagiosum STD Introduction
• Molluscum Contagiosum Clinical manifestations
• Molluscum Contagiosum Diagnosis
• Molluscum Contagiosum Treatment
• Syphilis
• Syphilis Epidemiology STD
• Syphilis Treponema Pallidum
• Syphilis Causes STD
• Incubating Syphilis
• Secondary Syphilis STD
• Syphilis Latency
• Congenital Syphilis
• Early Congenital Syphilis
• Late Congenital Syphilis
• Syphilis Laboratory Diagnosis
• Syphilis Serologic Tests
• Syphilis Nontreponemal Reaginic Tests
• Syphilis Specific Treponemal Tests
• False-Positive Serologic Test for Syphilis
• Syphilis Treatment STD
• Chancroid
• Chancroid STD Introduction
• Chancroid Clinical presentation
• Chancroid Diagnosis
• Chancroid Treatment STD
• Chancroid Syndromic management
• Lymphogranuloma venereum
• Lymphogranuloma Venereum STD Introduction
• Lymphogranuloma Venereum Clinical features
• Lymphogranuloma Venereum Laboratory diagnosis
• Lymphogranuloma Venereum Treatment
• Donovanosis (granuloma inguinale)
• Donovanosis Granuloma Inguinale STD Introduction
• Donovanosis Granuloma Inguinale STD Clinical apperances
• Donovanosis Granuloma Inguinale STD Diagnostic tests
• Donovanosis Granuloma Inguinale STD Treatment

Syphilis Nontreponemal Reaginic Tests

Nontreponemal Reaginic Tests

Nontreponemal reaginic tests measure IgG and IgM antibodies directed against a lipoidal antigen resulting from the interaction of host tissues with T. pallidum or from T. pallidum itself. The term reagin is old terminology. There is no relationship of the antibody measured in syphilis with the reagin IgE that is involved in allergic reactions. The VDRL slide test is a standard nontreponemal test. Heated serum (56 degrees C) is tested for its ability to flocculate a suspension of a cardiolipin-cholesterol-lecithin antigen. The VDRL test is also used to monitor response to therapy. A modification for routine screening for syphilis: The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test is a modification of the VDRL test. It is the most common test used for screening purposes. Nontreponemal antibody tests vary during the course of untreated disease. They reach their highest prevalence and titer during the secondary and early latent stages and decline thereafter, usually to <1:4. As with all quantitative serologic tests, only a fourfold or greater change in titer is meaningful. At least 25% of untreated persons become VDRL or RPR negative. The quantitative RPR test should become nonreactive 1 year after successful therapy in primary syphilis and 2 years after successful therapy in secondary syphilis. A positive RPR response after 1 year in a patient treated for primary syphilis or after 2 years in a patient treated for secondary syphilis suggests persistent infection, reinfection, or a biologically false-positive reaction.

Undiluted serum containing a high titer of nonspecific antibody, as occurs in secondary syphilis, may result in a negative result on the flocculation test. This is called the prozone phenomenon and occurs because the large quantity of antibody occupies all antigen sites and prevents flocculation. The laboratory may perform flocculation tests on diluted serum in anticipation of this problem.